Critical Performance Analysis of Four-Wheel Drive Hybrid Electric Vehicles Subjected to Dynamic Operating Conditions

Hybrid electric vehicle technology (HEVT) is emerging as a reliable alternative to reduce the constraints of battery-only driven pure vehicles (EVs). HVET utilizes an motor well internal combustion engine for its operation. These components would work on battery power and fossil fuels, respectively, source energy mobility. The delivered either from or fuel both sources based user requirements, road conditions, etc. HEVT uses three major propelling systems, namely, front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel (RWD), four-wheel (4WD). In these 4WD model provides torque all four wheels at same time. It propel thereby offering better driving capability, traction, strong grip surface. 4WD-based HEVs comprise architectures, series, parallel, series-parallel, complex. literature focuses primarily any one type architecture analysis in context component optimization, reduction, management. However, focus dynamic that gives real performance insight was not conducted, which main motivation this paper. proposed extensive critical architectures subjected various operating conditions (continuous, pulse, step-up accelerations). Under parameters such speed (of vehicle, engine, motor), battery), electrical losses, charge patterns, consumption are measured compared. Further, validated with FWD RWD architectures. From MATLAB/Simulink-based evaluation, HEV have shown superior most cases when compared HEVs. Moreover, parallel has complex